Su, Judith
Liggett, Stephen B.
Kim, Soo-Kyung
Kim, Donghwa
Goddard, William A. III
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM137988)
National Institutes of Health (R01HL155532)
National Institutes of Health (R01HL155532)
Directorate for Engineering (2311117)
Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Competing interests
: J.S. owns a financial stake in Femtorays Technologies, which develops label-free molecular sensors. The other authors declare no competing interests.