Oh, Jio
Whang, Steven Euijong
Evans, James
Wang, Jindong
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (RS-2024-00436680))
Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (RS-2024-00436680)
Microsoft Research Asia
Commonwealth Cyber Initiative (H-2Q25-020)
College of William and Mary
Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.