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Article History

Received: 23 January 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2025

First Online: 2 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing non-financial interests but the following competing financial interests. NIH may own intellectual property in the field. NIH and BJW receive royalties for licensed patents from Philips, unrelated to this work. BW is Principal Investigator on the following CRADA’s = Cooperative Research & Development Agreements, between NIH and industry: Philips, Philips Research, Celsion Corp, BTG Biocompatibles/Boston Scientific, Siemens, NVIDIA, XACT Robotics. Promaxo (in progress). The following industry partners also support research in CIO lab via equipment, personnel, devices and/or drugs: 3T Technologies (devices), Exact Imaging (data), AngioDynamics (equipment), AstraZeneca (pharmaceuticals, NCI CRADA), ArciTrax (devices and equipment), Imactis (Equipment), Johnson & Johnson (equipment), Medtronic (equipment), Theromics (Supplies), Profound Medical (equipment and supplies), QT Imaging (equipment and supplies). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views, policies, or opinions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.K. National Health Service, the U.K. National Institute for Health Research, the U.K. Department of Health, InnoHK – ITC, or the University of Oxford. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as an actual or implied endorsement of such products by the U.S. government.