Liang, Chen
Tao, Shengyu
Shi, Hao
Lyu, Ziyang
Ji, JC
Dong, Daoyi
Mo, Huadong
Funding for this research was provided by:
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Program HORIZON-MSCA-2025-PF (101283078 BLESS)
Australian Economic Accelerator Ignite Grant ‘Health status estimation and resilient closed-loop supply chain for retired electric vehicle batteries’ (IG240100338)
ACT Government under the Energy Innovation Fund ‘Online health monitoring and anomaly de-tection in Li-ion batteries via trustworthy AI’
Article History
Received: 6 April 2026
Accepted: 11 June 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.