Yang, Jing
Du, Wei
Ju, Dongyang
Li, Rui
Liu, Jianzhong
Liu, Shirong
Wen, Yuanyun
Li, Yang
Li, Xiongyao
Liu, Yun
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42373041)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (41973058)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42441804)
Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Guizhou Province (QKH-ZDZX(2024)-016)
Foundation of President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYJ-2025-0103)
Guizhou Provincial 2019 Science and Technology Subsidies (GZ2019SIG)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF0807500)
Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. W.D. is on the editorial board of npj Space Exploration but was not involved in the peer review process or decision making for the paper.