Zhu, Qi
Li, Haicheng
Zhang, Haiyan
Zhang, Qingqing
Mittal, Prateek
Subramanian, Sriram
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12574499)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12374443)
Emerging Technology Program (CIET 17/18)
EPSRC (EP/V037846/1)
Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.