Chen, Long
Cai, Zi Xuan
Yu, Xuan
Zhou, Zhou
Dai, Ya Qing
Guo, Jia Xi
Yu, Zhi Cai
Zhao, Ke Zhan
Su, Jian Lin
Li, Xin Yu
You, Jian Wei
Cui, Tie Jun
Funding for this research was provided by:
SEU Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan for Doctoral Students (CXJH_ SEU26043)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB3813100)
Special Fund for Key Basic Research in Jiangsu Province (BK20243015)
111 Project (111-2-05)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101)
Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project (BK20212002)
Article History
Received: 31 December 2025
Accepted: 21 February 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests. Author Tie Jun Cui is an Editorial Board Member of npj metamaterials. Tie Jun Cui was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.