Yu, Lu https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9627-2775
Wu, Xutong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6124-0436
Sang, Shan
Li, Yan
Li, Changjia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-9658
Ye, Quanliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-3403
Varis, Olli
Fu, Bojie
Wang, Shuai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-9858
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2243601)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42201306)
Article History
Received: 15 April 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Quanliang Ye is an Editorial Board Member for Communications Sustainability but was not involved in the editorial review of this article, nor in the decision to publish it.