Zhao, Wuyu https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6505-5832
Huang, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9628-1721
Tewari, Amit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0904-243X
Rad, Alireza Jaberi
Zhang, Andrew
Ge, Ning
Yang, J. Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-7531
Hu, Miao
Majumdar, Sayani
Xia, Qiangfei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-8423
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (CCF, # 2133475)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2021)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Laboratory (W911NF-23-2-0014)
Academy of Finland (#364467)
Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Competing interests
: Q.X. and J.J.Y. are cofounders and paid consultants of TetraMem. The other authors declare no competing interests.