Chen, Jiazhen
Song, Yihao
Montealegre, David Alexander
Cai, Mingyang
Lee, Minjoo Larry
Xia, Fengnian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5176-368X
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N000142412307)
Yale University
Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 4 March 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Competing interests
: F.X. and Y.S. are co-inventors of a non-provisional patent application on optical sensing based on the gain feedback, which was submitted to United States Patent and Trademark Office in March 2025. The other authors declare no competing interests.