Li, Ran https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9921-095X
He, Chaoyi
Huang, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9628-1721
Zhai, Enzi https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9552-328X
Sangwan, Vinod K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-5285
Zou, Jingyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5135-2888
Luce, Kevin St.
Cui, Jianzhou
Kim, Rex
Liu, Roland
Wang, Zhixing
Ling, Xi
Xie, Helen
Zhang, Xu
Hersam, Mark C.
Xia, Qiangfei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-8423
Katehi, Linda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-032X
Lin, Yuxuan Cosmi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0638-2620
Funding for this research was provided by:
Texas A&M University | Texas A and M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A and M University
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2120059)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2120059)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
National Science Foundation (ECCS−2239822)
National Science Foundation (ECCS-2426252)
Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 22 March 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.