Kim, Seung Ju https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0405-803X
Zhao, Ruoyu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-8419
Sud, Piyush
Xu, Yichun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-8583
Zhao, Jian https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7684-2320
Liao, Han-Ting
Zhang, Serena
Midya, Rivu
Qiu, Qinru
Yang, J. Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-7531
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-24-1-0322)
National Science Foundation (2036359)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911nF2120128)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (015542-00001)
Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 22 March 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.