El-Sayed Moustafa, Julia S. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-6654
Jackson, Anne U. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-2547
Brotman, Sarah M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7566-8895
Guan, Li
Villicaña, Sergio http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2455-7095
Roberts, Amy L.
Zito, Antonino http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-984X
Bonnycastle, Lori
Erdos, Michael R.
Narisu, Narisu
Stringham, Heather M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2991-6392
Welch, Ryan
Yan, Tingfen
Lakka, Timo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-2871
Parker, Stephen
Tuomilehto, Jaakko
Seow, Jeffrey
Graham, Carl
Huettner, Isabella
Acors, Sam
Kouphou, Neophytos
Wadge, Samuel
Duncan, Emma L.
Steves, Claire J.
Doores, Katie J.
Malim, Michael H. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7699-2064
Collins, Francis S.
Pajukanta, Päivi
Boehnke, Michael http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-7754
Koistinen, Heikki A. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7870-070X
Laakso, Markku http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3394-7749
Falchi, Mario http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-1004
Bell, Jordana T. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-5986
Scott, Laura J.
Mohlke, Karen L. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-153X
Small, Kerrin S. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-0005
Article History
Received: 24 June 2021
Revised: 21 April 2022
Accepted: 28 April 2022
First Online: 20 May 2022
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The TwinsUK project was approved by the ethics committee at St Thomas’ Hospital London, where all the biopsies were carried out. Volunteers gave informed consent and signed an approved consent form prior to the biopsy procedure. Volunteers were supplied with an appropriate detailed information sheet regarding the research project and biopsy procedure by post prior to attending for the biopsy. The FUSION study was approved by the coordinating ethics committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The METSIM study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital in Kuopio, Finland, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.