Article History
Received: 18 February 2021
Revised: 26 May 2021
Accepted: 10 June 2021
First Online: 13 July 2021
Competing interests
: Professor Howes is a part-time employee of H Lundbeck A/s and has received investigator-initiated research funding from and/or participated in advisory/ speaker meetings organised by Angellini, Autifony, Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Heptares, Global Medical Education, Invicro, Jansenn, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Otsuka, Sunovion, Rand, Recordati, Roche and Viatris/Mylan. Neither Professor Howes nor his family have holdings or a financial stake in any pharmaceutical company. Professor Howes has a patent for the use of dopaminergic imaging. Dr Pillinger has participated in speaker meetings organised by Lundbeck, Otsuka, Sunovion, Schwabe Pharma and Recordati. Professor Thase has served as an adviser or consultant for Acadia, Akili, Alkermes, Allergan (Forest, Naurex), Boehringer-Ingelheim, Calla, Cerecor, Clexio Biosciences, Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, H. Lundbeck A/S, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Janssen (Johnson & Johnson), Moksha8 Pharmaceuticals, Nestle, Neuralstem, Novartis International AG, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Perception Neuroscience, Pfizer, Sage Therapeutics, Seelos Therapeutics, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda; he has received grant support from Acadia, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Alkermes, Allergan (Forest, Naurex), AssureRx Health, Avanir, Axsome Therapeutics, Intracellular, Janssen Pharmaceutica (Johnson & Johnson), Myriad (Assurex), NIMH, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and Takeda; and he has received royalties from American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Guilford Publications, Herald House, and W.W. Norton & Company. His spouse is a Vice President of Open Health (formerly Peloton Advantage), which does business with a number of pharmaceutical companies.