Ali, Shohaib
Mactier, Helen
Morelli, Alessandra
Hurd, Madeleine
Placzek, Anna
Knight, Marian
Ladhani, Shamez N.
Draper, Elizabeth S.
Sharkey, Don
Doherty, Cora
Kurinczuk, Jennifer J.
Quigley, Maria A.
Gale, Chris http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0707-876X
Article History
Received: 21 July 2022
Revised: 25 January 2023
Accepted: 30 January 2023
First Online: 10 March 2023
Competing interests
: M.L., M.A.Q. and J.J.K. received grants from the UK NIHR Policy Research Programme in relation to the submitted work. S.A., A.M., M.H., A.P., S.N.L., E.S.D., D.S., C.D., H.M. and C.G. declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the North East – Newcastle & North Tyneside 2 Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID 282127; REC 20/NE/0107). Data were collected in England and Wales without parental consent following Section 251 advice from the Confidentiality Advisory Group of the Health Research Authority (20/CAG/0058) and under the COVID-19 notice issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care under Regulation 3(4) of the Health Service Control of Patient Information Regulations 2002. Data were collected in Scotland without parental consent following COVID-19 rapid review and advice from the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and Social Care (PBPP) (1920–0288) and with maternal consent following advice from the Privacy Commissioner in Northern Ireland. All NNUs agreed to the inclusion of their NNRD data in the study.