Desmond, Cooper
Kaul, Sumedh
Fleishman, Aaron http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7338-8235
Korets, Ruslan
Chang, Peter
Wagner, Andrew
Kim, Simon P.
Aghdam, Nima
Olumi, Aria F. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5356-2558
Gershman, Boris http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-7255
Article History
Received: 3 October 2023
Revised: 5 March 2024
Accepted: 18 March 2024
First Online: 30 March 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) is a joint project of the Commission on Cancer (CoC) of the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society. The CoC’s NCDB and the hospitals participating in the CoC NCDB are the source of the de-identified data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.