Li, Yuanyuan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9143-8029
Zhang, Yanan
Zhou, Yu
Li, Yan
Xu, Jiao
Ai, Yuanbao
Xu, Lei
Xiao, Xiuli
Zhang, Bo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-3679
Jin, Jing
Article History
Received: 18 November 2022
Revised: 15 March 2023
Accepted: 29 March 2023
First Online: 29 April 2023
Competing interests
: Patronus Biotech is a company researching virus-like particle display technology and vaccines. Y. Zhou and J.J. are named inventors on a patent invention relating to the described novel SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: BALB/c mouse experiments complied with relevant ethical regulations regarding animal research. Protocols of mouse experiments for the immunisation studies were approved by LUYE PHARMA Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee. The K18-hACE2 mouse experiment was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. The experiments involving viral infections were conducted in Biosafety Level 3 laboratory (BSL-3) at Wuhan Institute of Virology (China) under a protocol approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Permit number: WIVA26202201). For rhesus macaques, animals were first housed in Medleader Bio-Pharm for immunisation, in strict accordance to its Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) with the permit number: IACUC-2021-003. The following experiments involving viral infections were conducted in Biosafety Level 3 laboratory (BSL-3) at Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (China) under strict protocol for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Permit number: DWLL202108006).