Masukume, Gwinyai
Mmbaga, Blandina T.
Dzamalala, Charles P.
Mlombe, Yohannie B.
Finch, Peter
Nyakunga-Maro, Gissela
Mremi, Alex
Middleton, Daniel R. S.
Narh, Clement T.
Chasimpha, Steady J. D.
Abedi-Ardekani, Behnoush
Menya, Diana
Schüz, Joachim http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-2134
McCormack, Valerie http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-3442
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Medical Research Council
World Cancer Research Fund (2018/1795)
Article History
Received: 22 November 2021
Revised: 30 May 2022
Accepted: 8 June 2022
First Online: 29 June 2022
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policies or views of these organisations.
: The study received ethical approval from the IARC Ethics Committee (IEC 14/15) and Institutional Review Boards for each site at which the study was conducted: Tanzania: the National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/1994) and the Tumaini University Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (830); Malawi: the National Health Sciences Research Committee (NHSRC 17/01/1712). Informed consent, signed or thumbprint, was provided by all participants.
: Informed consent, signed or thumbprint, was provided by all participants.