Zheng, Jiali http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-2856
Tabung, Fred K.
Zhang, Jiajia
Caan, Bette
Hebert, James R.
Kroenke, Candyce H.
Ockene, Judith
Shivappa, Nitin
Steck, Susan E. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3201-9537
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82103809)
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Shanghai Pujiang Program 20PJ1409600)
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute (K99CA207736)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN268201600018C, HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, HHSN268201600004C)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R44 DK103377)
American Institute for Cancer Research (318258)
Article History
Received: 19 May 2022
Revised: 15 November 2022
Accepted: 16 November 2022
First Online: 8 December 2022
Competing interests
: JRH owns controlling interest in Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), a company that has licensed the right to his invention of the dietary inflammatory index (DII<sup>TM</sup>) from the University of South Carolina to develop computer and smart phone applications for patient counselling and dietary intervention in clinical settings. NS is an employee of CHI. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: The WHI protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the Clinical Coordinating Center (CCC) at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle, WA) and at each of the participating Clinical Centers and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the U.S. Common Rule.