Zhang, Xiaomeng http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-7548
He, Yazhou http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2358-0143
Li, Xue http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6880-2577
Shraim, Rasha
Xu, Wei
Wang, Lijuan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-0753
Farrington, Susan M. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5955-7389
Campbell, Harry
Timofeeva, Maria http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-4253
Zgaga, Lina http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-9703
Vaughan-Shaw, Peter
Theodoratou, Evropi http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5887-9132
Dunlop, Malcolm G. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-5851
Funding for this research was provided by:
Darwin Trust of Edinburgh
China Scholarship Council
Cancer Research UK (C31250/A22804, C348/A18927)
Article History
Received: 19 May 2023
Revised: 14 February 2024
Accepted: 26 February 2024
First Online: 13 March 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Study cohorts used were approved by the ethical review board at respective study centres in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (details: 02/0/097 [NSCCG], 01/0/5) [SOCCS], 05/S1401/89 [GS:SFHS], LREC/1998/4/183 [LBC1921], 2003/2/29 [LBC1936], 17/SC/0079 [CORGI] and 07/S0703/136 [SCOT]. The UK Biobank was approved by the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (11/NW/0382).