Article History

Received: 25 May 2016

Accepted: 21 July 2017

First Online: 3 October 2017

Change Date: 22 February 2018

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: The original version of this Article omitted a reference to previous work in ‘Mann, M.E., Cane, M.A., Zebiak, S.E., Clement, A., Volcanic and Solar Forcing of the Tropical Pacific Over the Past 1000 Years, <i>J. Climate</i><b>18</b>, 447–456 (2005)’. This has been added as reference 62 at the end of the fourth sentence of the fourth paragraph of the Introduction: ‘Early studies using simple coupled ocean–atmosphere models²⁶ proposed that following volcano-induced surface cooling, upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific acting on a reduced vertical temperature contrast between the ocean surface and interior leads to anomalous warming in this region, thereby favouring El Niño development the following year^{12, 27, 62}.’ This has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Change Date: 15 November 2017

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this article.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing financial interests.