Lebeau, Paul F.
Byun, Jae Hyun
Platko, Khrystyna
Saliba, Paul http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6258-779X
Sguazzin, Matthew
MacDonald, Melissa E.
Paré, Guillaume http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6795-4760
Steinberg, Gregory R. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-8275
Janssen, Luke J.
Igdoura, Suleiman A.
Tarnopolsky, Mark A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-3746
Wayne Chen, S. R.
Seidah, Nabil G.
Magolan, Jakob http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-8580
Austin, Richard C. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-0865
Funding for this research was provided by:
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (G-13-0003064 and G-15-00093889)
Article History
Received: 17 August 2020
Accepted: 5 January 2022
First Online: 9 February 2022
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: P.F.L., J.H.B, P.S., M.S., J.M., and R.C.A. have filed an institution-owned patent, entitled: “Compounds for Reducing Cholesterol and Treating Liver and Kidney Disease” (18-069_USProv) that relates to the development of caffeine and methylxanthine derivatives to lower cholesterol. R.C.A, J.M., G.P., and M.A.T. have an equity stake in Systemic Therapeutics. G.P. has received honoraria from Amgen and Sanofi. G.R.S. is a co-founder and shareholder of Espervita Therapeutics, a company developing new medications for liver cancer. McMaster University has received funding from Espervita Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Poxel Pharmaceuticals and Novo Nordisk for research conducted in the laboratory of G.R.S. G.R.S. has received consulting/speaking fees from Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Merck, Poxel Pharmaceuticals and Takeda. M.A.T. is the CEO of Exerkine Corporation and Stayabove Nutrition and is actively evaluating and marketing multi-nutrient supplements for the treatment of aging, obesity, muscular dystrophy and mitochondrial disease. No other authors declare any competing interests.