Mao, Feng http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-1825
Miller, Joshua D. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-856X
Young, Sera L. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-1218
Krause, Stefan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-2248
Hannah, David M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1714-1240
Brewis, Alexandra
Trowell, Alex
Pearson, Amber L.
Wutich, Amber
Sullivan, Andrea
Rosinger, Asher Y.
Hagaman, Ashley
Workman, Cassandra
Staddon, Chad
Tshala-Katumbay, Desire
Krishnakumar, Divya
Adams, Ellis
Sánchez-Rodriguez, Ernesto C.
Carrillo, Genny
Asiki, Gershim
Ghattas, Hala
Eini-Zinab, Hassan
Melgar-Quiñonez, Hugo
Ahmed, Farooq
Moran-Martinez, Javier
Maupin, Jonathan
Escobar-Vargas, Jorge
Stoler, Justin
Mathad, Jyoti
Chapman, Kelly
Maes, Kenneth
Samayoa-Figueroa, Luisa
Sheikhi, Mahdieh
Alexander, Mallika
Santoso, Marianne V.
Freeman, Matthew C.
Boivin, Michael J.
Morales, Milton Marin
Balogun, Mobolanle
Ghorbani, Monet
Omidvar, Nasrin
Triviño, Nathaly
Hawley, Nicola
Owuor, Patrick Mbullo
Tutu, Raymond
Schuster, Roseanne C.
Rasheed, Sabrina
Collins, Shalean M.
Srivastava, Sonali
Cole, Stroma
Jepson, Wendy
Tesfaye, Yihenew
Jamaluddine, Zeina
,
Article History
Received: 1 November 2021
Accepted: 30 June 2022
First Online: 8 August 2022
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Study activities received necessary ethical approvals for each site from appropriate institutional review bodies: Dhaka, Bangladesh (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, no number); San Borja, Bolivia [Northwestern University (STU00206446)]; Ceará, Brazil [Texas A&M University (IRB2016-0062M 075422)]; Cartagena, Colombia (Northwestern University, exempt); Bahir Dar, Ethiopia [Emory University (IRB00076141), Amhara Regional Health Bureau (HRTT0135909), and Oregon State University (6170)]; Accra, Ghana [Northwestern University (STU00206446)]; Acatenango, Guatemala [Arizona State University (00005975)]; Chiquimula, Guatemala [McGill University, exempt]; Gressier, Haiti [University of Florida (IRB201702549)]; Labuan Bajo, Indonesia (Northwestern University, exempt); Pune, India [Weill Cornell Medicine]; Rajasthan, India (Northwestern University, exempt); Sistan & Balochistan, Iran (Northwestern University, exempt); Kisumu, Kenya [AMREF (ESRC P359/2017)]; Beirut, Lebanon [American University of Beirut (FHS.HG.12 / SBS-2017-0283)]; Lilongwe, Malawi [Georgia State University (IRB number: H17647/ Reference number:344837)]; Mérida, Mexico [Michigan State University (17–604)]; Torréon, Mexico (Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila CB/05-10-17); Lagos, Nigeria [Northwestern University (STU00206446)]; Kathmandu, Nepal [Arizona State University (00005975)]; Punjab, Pakistan (Northwestern University, exempt); Dushanbe, Tajikistan [Arizona State University (00005975)]; Morogoro, Tanzania [Northwestern University (STU00206446) & Sokoine University of Agriculture (RPGS/R/8)]; Singida, Tanzania (STU00204506/SITE00000491-MOD0001); Arua, Uganda [Michigan State University (17–604)]; Kampala, Uganda [Northwestern University (STU00206446) and T-Group Kampala ((ED/KCCA/609/02)]; Upolu, Samoa [Yale University (1604017547)]. All participants gave oral or written informed consent.