Foguet, Carles http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-9595
Xu, Yu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-5045
Ritchie, Scott C. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8454-9548
Lambert, Samuel A. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-008X
Persyn, Elodie
Nath, Artika P.
Davenport, Emma E.
Roberts, David J.
Paul, Dirk S. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8230-0116
Di Angelantonio, Emanuele
Danesh, John
Butterworth, Adam S. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6915-9015
Yau, Christopher
Inouye, Michael http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9413-6520
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR BTRU-2014-10024, NIHR203337)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/L003120/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P020259/1)
RCUK | Science and Technology Facilities Council
RCUK | Economic and Social Research Council (ES/T013192/1)
Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorate
Wellcome Trust
NHS Blood and Transplant
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MFE-171279)
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (116074)
British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002, RG/13/13/30194, RG/18/13/33946)
Health Data Research UK Department of Health and Social Care (England) Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government) Public Health Agency
Article History
Received: 5 May 2022
Accepted: 15 November 2022
First Online: 29 November 2022
Competing interests
: A.S.B. has received grants (outside of this work) from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Merck, Novartis, Regeneron, and Sanofi. J.D. serves on scientific advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Novartis, and UK Biobank, and has received multiple grants from academic, charitable and industry sources outside of the submitted work. During the preparation of the paper, D.S.P. became a full-time employee of AstraZeneca. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.