Robertson, Ruairi C.
Edens, Thaddeus J.
Carr, Lynnea http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2397-8672
Mutasa, Kuda
Gough, Ethan K. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-7731
Evans, Ceri http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-9748
Geum, Hyun Min
Baharmand, Iman http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-8681
Gill, Sandeep K.
Ntozini, Robert http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-2835
Smith, Laura E.
Chasekwa, Bernard
Majo, Florence D.
Tavengwa, Naume V.
Mutasa, Batsirai
Francis, Freddy http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-691X
Tome, Joice
Stoltzfus, Rebecca J.
Humphrey, Jean H.
Prendergast, Andrew J. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7904-7992
Manges, Amee R. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2462-7249
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (206455/Z/17/Z, 203905/Z/16/Z, 210807/Z/18/Z, 093768/Z/10/Z, 108065/Z/15/Z)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542, OPP1143707, OPP1021542, OPP1143707)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (2R01HD060338-06)
UNICEF (PCA-2017-0002, PCA-2017-0002)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs | Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit (N/A)
UNICEF
Article History
Received: 26 April 2022
Accepted: 12 January 2023
First Online: 14 February 2023
Competing interests
: TJE was paid a scientific consulting fee in relation to the analysis of the data presented here by Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research. RCR declares remittance from Abbott Nutrition Health Institute (March 2022) and Nutricia (May 2021) for public conference talks outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: All SHINE mothers provided written informed consent. The Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ/A/1675), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHU IRB # 4205.), and the University of British Columbia Ethics Board (H15-03074) approved the study protocol, including the microbiome analyses. The SHINE trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01824940).