Daneshvar, Daniel H. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-9513
Nair, Evan S.
Baucom, Zachary H.
Rasch, Abigail
Abdolmohammadi, Bobak
Uretsky, Madeline http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-3619
Saltiel, Nicole
Shah, Arsal
Jarnagin, Johnny
Baugh, Christine M.
Martin, Brett M.
Palmisano, Joseph N.
Cherry, Jonathan D. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-981X
Alvarez, Victor E.
Huber, Bertrand R.
Weuve, Jennifer
Nowinski, Christopher J. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4378-6149
Cantu, Robert C.
Zafonte, Ross D.
Dwyer, Brigid
Crary, John F. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-293X
Goldstein, Lee E.
Kowall, Neil W.
Katz, Douglas I.
Stern, Robert A.
Tripodis, Yorghos
Stein, Thor D. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6954-4477
McClean, Michael D.
Alosco, Michael L.
McKee, Ann C.
Mez, Jesse
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U54NS115266)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30AG13846)
Article History
Received: 21 September 2022
Accepted: 30 May 2023
First Online: 20 June 2023
Competing interests
: D.H.D. serves as an expert witness in legal cases involving brain injury and concussion and serves as an advisor and options holder for StataDx outside the submitted work. C.J.N. is the cofounder and chief executive officer of the Concussion Legacy Foundation; reported nonfinancial support (travel reimbursement) from the NFL Players Association as a member of the Mackey-White Health & Safety Committee, WWE, and AEW (All Elite Wrestling); and serves as an advisor and options holder for Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals, PreCon Health, and StataDx outside the submitted work. R.C.C. reported royalties from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; compensation for expert legal opinion to the National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Hockey League; consults for the Concussion Legacy Foundation; is senior advisor and paid consultant to the NFL Head Neck & Spine Committee; is a member of the Mackey-White Committee of the National Football League Players Association; is vice president of National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment and chair scientific advisory committee and cofounder of Medical Director Concussion Legacy Foundation; and is on the Medical Science Committee for the National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athlete Concussion Injury Litigation. R.D.Z. receives royalties from Oakstone for an educational CD (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Review) and from demosMedical, part of Springer Publishing, for serving as co-editor of the text Brain Injury Medicine and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Oxeia Biopharma, BioDirection, ElMINDA, and Myomo. He is also PI on a grant entitled the Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, which is funded by the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) and evaluates patients for the MGH Brain and Body TRUST Center, sponsored in part by the NFLPA, and serves on the Mackey-White Health and Safety Committee. L.E.G. is a paid consultant to Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Research & Development LLC, and Rebiscan Inc and has received funding from the WWE and Ivivi Health Sciences. D.I.K. reported royalties from Springer/Demos Publishing for a textbook on brain injury; serves as an expert witness in legal cases involving brain injury and concussion; receives a stipend from Encompass Health as program medical director for brain injury and chair of the annual Neurorehabilitation conference; and has received honoraria for a keynote address for the HealthSouth Annual Medical Directors Meeting. R.A.S. reported personal fees from Biogen and Lundbeck outside the submitted work; member of the Mackey-White Committee of the National Football League Players Association; receives royalties for published neuropsychological tests from Psychological Assessment Resources Inc; and is a member of the Board of Directors of King-Devick Technologies. M.L.A. receives royalties from Oxford University Press for a textbook outside the submitted work. A.C.M. is a member of the Mackey-White Committee of the National Football League Players Association and reports other funding from Buoniconti Foundation during the conduct of the study. No other authors have competing interests as defined by Nature Portfolio, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.