Bos, Sandra http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5036-0336
Graber, Aaron L.
Cardona-Ospina, Jaime A.
Duarte, Elias M.
Zambrana, Jose Victor
Ruíz Salinas, Jorge A. http://orcid.org/0009-0006-3837-4771
Mercado-Hernandez, Reinaldo
Singh, Tulika
Katzelnick, Leah C.
de Silva, Aravinda http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-5950
Kuan, Guillermina
Balmaseda, Angel
Harris, Eva http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-4037
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01AI106695)
Article History
Received: 21 June 2023
Accepted: 8 December 2023
First Online: 9 January 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research is embedded in a long-term 35-year close collaboration with Nicaraguan colleagues that has included multiple aspects of scientific capacity building and enhancement, as well as supporting improvement of physical research infrastructure. With regards to this study, local Nicaraguan researchers were included throughout the research process – in study design, study implementation, data ownership, and authorship of publications. Four of the authors on this publication are from the local team in Nicaragua. The research is locally relevant, and this was determined in collaboration with local partners in Nicaragua. We discussed roles and responsibilities amongst collaborators ahead of the research, and we conducted capacity-building in the form of additional on-site training of local researchers in virus production and neutralization assays. The parent cohort study has been approved initially and every year thereafter (currently in its 20th year) by a local ethics review committee. This research does not result in stigmatization, incrimination, discrimination, or otherwise personal risk to participants nor any health, safety, security or other risk to researchers. Benefit sharing measures related to transfer of biological materials been discussed with our partners in Nicaragua. Finally, we have taken local and regional research relevant to our study into account in citations.