Lin, Gu-Lung http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-318X
Drysdale, Simon B. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6557
Snape, Matthew D.
O’Connor, Daniel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-9886
Brown, Anthony http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-3300
MacIntyre-Cockett, George
Mellado-Gomez, Esther
de Cesare, Mariateresa
Ansari, M. Azim
Bonsall, David
Bray, James E. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-4254
Jolley, Keith A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-0287
Bowden, Rory http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-0366
Aerssens, Jeroen
Bont, Louis http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-4475
Openshaw, Peter J. M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-2555
Martinon-Torres, Federico http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-581X
Nair, Harish http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-9100
Golubchik, Tanya http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-9828
Pollard, Andrew J. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-719X
,
Article History
Received: 12 July 2023
Accepted: 23 February 2024
First Online: 16 March 2024
Competing interests
: S.B.D. has been an investigator for clinical trials of vaccines and antimicrobials for pharmaceutical companies, including AstraZeneca, Merck, Pfizer, Valneva, Iliad, Sanofi, and Janssen, and previously sat on RSV advisory boards for Sanofi and Merck. M.D.S. has been an investigator on behalf of the University of Oxford for studies funded or supported by vaccine manufacturers, including Pfizer, GSK, Novavax, MCM vaccines and Janssen. M.D.S. is currently an employee of Moderna Biotech UK, a position he commenced subsequent to the completion of this study. M.A.A. is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship, jointly funded by the Royal Society and Wellcome Trust (220171/Z/20/Z). J.E.B. and K.A.J. are funded on a Wellcome Trust Biomedical Resources Grant (218205/Z/19/Z, PubMLST: Disseminating and exploiting bacterial diversity data for public health benefit). J.A. was an employee of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV when the work was being conducted. P.J.M.O. has received honoraria from GSK, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Janssen for taking part in advisory boards and expert meetings and for acting as a speaker in congresses outside the scope of the submitted work. P.J.M.O. is also a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. F.M.-T. has received honoraria from GSK, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi Pasteur, MSD, Seqirus, and Janssen for taking part in advisory boards and expert meetings and for acting as a speaker in congresses outside the scope of the submitted work. F.M.-T. has also acted as principal investigator in randomised controlled trials of the above-mentioned companies as well as Ablynx, Regeneron, Roche, Abbott, Novavax, and MedImmune, with honoraria paid to his institution. F.M.-T. receives support for his research activities from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Proyecto de Investigación en Salud, Acción Estratégica en Salud): Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS;PI1601569/PI1901090/PI22/00406) del plan nacional de I+D+I and ‘fondos FEDER’. H.N. received grants from Innovative Medicine Initiative, NIHR, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, WHO, and Pfizer. H.N. also received consultancy or honoraria and speaker fees from Sanofi, Merck, Novavax, ReViral, and GSK (all paid to institution). T.G. is supported by an Investigator Grant (GNT2025445) from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (NHMRC). A.J.P. is chair of the UK Department of Health and Social Care’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. A.J.P. has also provided advice to Shionogi on COVID-19 vaccines and his institution receives research funding from NIHR, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, and AstraZeneca for vaccine research. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.