Fan, Min
Peng, Kuan
Zhang, Yin
Lai, Francisco Tsz Tsun http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-1959
Chui, Celine Sze Ling
Wan, Eric Yuk Fai http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6275-1147
Wong, Carlos King Ho http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6895-6071
Chan, Esther Wai Yin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7602-9470
Li, Xue http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4836-7808
Wong, Ian Chi Kei http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-0014
Funding for this research was provided by:
Food and Health Bureau (COVID19F01)
Article History
Received: 1 March 2023
Accepted: 1 December 2023
First Online: 14 February 2024
Competing interests
: F.T.T.L. has been supported by the RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, outside the submitted work. X.L. has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; research and educational grants from Janssen and Pfizer; internal funding from the University of Hong Kong; consultancy fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme; and grants from Research Grants Council (RGC/ECS, Hong Kong), unrelated to this work. EYFW has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, outside the submitted work. C.K.H.W. reports receipt of research funding from the EuroQoL Group Research Foundation, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, and the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund; outside of the submitted work. EWYC reports honorarium from Hospital Authority; and grants from Research Grants Council (RGC, Hong Kong), Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau, National Natural Science Fund of China, Wellcome Trust, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Amgen, Takeda, and Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, outside the submitted work. CSLC has received grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, Pfizer, IQVIA, MSD, and Amgen; and personal fees from PrimeVigilance; and grants from Research Grants Council (RGC/ECS, Hong Kong), outside the submitted work. ICKW reports research funding outside the submitted work from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, and the National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia; has received speaker fees from Janssen and Medice in the previous 3 years; and is an independent non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: The studies adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the University of HK/HA HK West Cluster (UW20–556, UW21-149 and UW21-138); and the DH Ethics Committee (LM21/2021). All clinical data were anonymized; therefore, the regulations in Hong Kong did not require us to obtain consent from participants.