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Article History

First Online: 7 January 2020

Competing interests

: A.H.S. has patents on the PD-L1/PD-L2/PD-1 pathway and on tumour immunotherapy licensed by Roche, Genentech and Novartis (US patent nos. 7,432,059, 7,722,868, 8,652,465, 9,457,080, 9,683,048, 9,815,898, 9,845,356, 9,988,452, 10,202,454 and 10,370,446), consults for Novartis, serves on the scientific advisory boards for Surface Oncology, SQZ Biotech, Elstar Therapeutics, Elpiscience, Selecta and Monopteros, and has received research funding from Merck, Novartis, Roche, Ipsen, UCB and Quark Ventures. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.