Davies, Leela R. L. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-0606
Wang, Chuangqi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4779-2231
Steigler, Pia
Bowman, Kathryn A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-5286
Fischinger, Stephanie
Hatherill, Mark http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3491-1809
Fisher, Michelle
Mbandi, Stanley Kimbung http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-9039
Rodo, Miguel
Ottenhoff, Tom H. M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3706-3403
Dockrell, Hazel M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-9107
Sutherland, Jayne S. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7083-4997
Mayanja-Kizza, Harriet
Boom, W. Henry
Walzl, Gerhard http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-125X
Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9866-8268
Nemes, Elisa http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1662-4961
Scriba, Thomas J. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0641-1359
Lauffenburger, Douglas http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-989X
Alter, Galit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-9215
Fortune, Sarah M. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-9975
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (75N93019C00071, K08AI167766, 75N93019C00071)
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1023483, OPP1065330, GC6-74 grant 37772, GC12 grant 37885)
Article History
Received: 12 October 2023
Accepted: 20 March 2024
First Online: 24 April 2024
Competing interests
: G.A. is an employee of Moderna Therapeutics and holds equity in Leyden Labs and Systems Seromyx. S.F. is a member of the board of directors of Oxford Nanopore Technologies. L.R.L.D. became an employee of BioNTech US after completion of the work described in this paper. T.J.S. is co-inventor of a patent of the RISK6 signature. S.H.E.K., J.S.S., T.H.M.O., H.M.D., W.H.B., T.J.S. and G.W. are co-inventors on a GC6-derived signature. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: All clinical research performed in this study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The clinical samples analysed in this paper were collected as part of the original ACS and GC6-74 observational studies and are described in detail in the original publication<sup>14</sup> and in ‘Study design’ section above. Samples were collected at all sites only after written informed consent was given by the patients’ legal guardian. Subjects in ACS were compensated an amount of R50 (approximately 7 USD) in the form of a non-cash payment such as a voucher at every occasion of a blood draw. Subjects in GC6 were compensated for loss of income and transport costs incurred due to research visits. For the ACS cohort study, protocols were approved by the University of Cape Town Research Ethics Committee, Cape Town, South Africa. For the GC6-74 study, protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of Stellenbosch University, Case Western Reserve University, the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology and the Joint Gambian Government/MRC Ethics Committee. The systems serology analysis was approved by Massachusetts General Hospital. Participant sex and age were self- or guardian-declared.