Updates are available Correction dated 2024-04-15

Article History

Accepted: 16 January 2024

First Online: 22 February 2024

Change Date: 15 April 2024

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-024-00518-w

Competing interests

: S.V.F. in the past year received income, potential income, travel expenses, continuing education support and/or research support from Aardvark, Aardwolf, AIMH, Tris, Otsuka, Ironshore, Kanjo, Johnson & Johnson/Kenvue, KemPharm/Corium, Akili, Supernus, Atentiv, Noven, Sky Therapeutics, Axsome and Genomind; with his institution, he has US patent US20130217707 A1 for the use of sodium–hydrogen exchange inhibitors in the treatment of ADHD; he also receives royalties from books published by Guilford Press (<i>Straight Talk about Your Child’s Mental Health</i>), Oxford University Press (<i>Schizophrenia: The Facts</i>) and Elsevier (<i>ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions</i>); and he is Program Director of ExternalRef removed and ExternalRef removed. S.C. declares honoraria and reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses for lectures from the following non-profit associations: Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health (ACAMH), Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA), British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP), and Healthcare Convention for educational activity on ADHD. C.H. was a member of the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) ADHD Guideline Committee (CG87); has received honoraria for lectures from BAP; and is a member of the European ADHD Guideline Group (EAGG) (eunethydis.eu/eunethydis-initiatives/european-adhd-guideline-group/). J.H.N. in the past year is/has been an adviser and/or consultant for Corium, Hippo T&C, Ironshore, Lumos, Medice, MindTension, OnDosis, Otsuka, Signant Health and Supernus; he has received research support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Otsuka; he also has received honoraria from for disease state presentations from Otsuka, and served as a consultant for the US National Football League. A.P. declares that she served on advisory boards, gave lectures, performed phase III studies and received travel grants within the last 5 years from MEDICE Arzneimittel, Pütter GmbH and Co KG, Takeda, Boehringer and Janssen-Cilag, and receives royalties from books published by Elsevier, Hogrefe, MWV, Kohlhammer, Karger, Oxford University Press, Thieme, Springer and Schattauer; she is a member of the German ADHD Guideline Group, and is an author of the Updated European Consensus Statement. G.V.P. has served as a speaker and/or consultant to Abbott, Ache, Medice, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Takeda, and receives authorship royalties from Manole Editors. K.R. has received a grant from Takeda Pharmaceuticals for another project and consulting fees from Supernus and Lundbeck. M.H.S. has consulted with Supernus Pharmaceuticals and Tieffenbacher Pharmaceuticals in the past 12 months, and receives book royalties from Guilford Press. J.K.B. has been in the past 3 years a consultant to/member of advisory board of and/or speaker for Takeda, Roche, Medice, Angelini, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Servier; he is not an employee of any of these companies, and is not a stock shareholder of any of these companies; he has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents and royalties. M.A.B. declares travel expenses and speaking fees attached to conference presentations and professional groups. I.B. and C.A.H. declare no competing interests.