Khalil, Michael http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-3328
Teunissen, Charlotte E.
Lehmann, Sylvain http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-562X
Otto, Markus http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-4267
Piehl, Fredrik http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-5219
Ziemssen, Tjalf
Bittner, Stefan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2179-3655
Sormani, Maria Pia http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-104X
Gattringer, Thomas http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6065-6576
Abu-Rumeileh, Samir http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0631-8506
Thebault, Simon
Abdelhak, Ahmed http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9731-4169
Green, Ari
Benkert, Pascal http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6525-8174
Kappos, Ludwig
Comabella, Manuel
Tumani, Hayrettin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1647-6201
Freedman, Mark S.
Petzold, Axel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0344-9749
Blennow, Kaj http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4193
Zetterberg, Henrik http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-4354
Leppert, David
Kuhle, Jens http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-8892
Article History
Accepted: 15 March 2024
First Online: 12 April 2024
Competing interests
: M.K. has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck, Novartis, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries and serves on scientific advisory boards for Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Roche outside the submitted work. C.E.T. has collaboration contracts with ADx Neurosciences, Eli Lilly, and Quanterix and has performed contract research or received grants from AC Immune, Axon Neurosciences, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Fujirebio, Grifols, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Novo Nordisk, PeopleBio, Roche, Siemens, Toyama, and Vivoryon. She is editor of <i>Alzheimer Research and Therapy</i>, and serves on the editorial boards of <i>Medidact Neurologie</i>/Springer and <i>Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation</i>. S.L. has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for Biogen, Fujirebio-Europe, Lilly, Roche Diagnostics and Shimadzu. M.O. has given scientific advice to AXON, AviadoBio, Biogen, Fujirebio and Roche. F.P. has received research grants from Janssen, Merck KGaA and UCB, has received fees for serving on Data Monitoring Committees (DMC) in clinical trials with Chugai, Lundbeck and Roche, and has prepared an expert witness statement for Novartis. T.Z. has contributed to scientific advisory boards and/or has consulted for Biogen, Celgene, Novartis, Merck and Roche, has received compensation for serving on speakers bureaus for Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi, and has received research support from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi. S.B. has received honoraria from Biogen Idec, Bristol Meyer Squibbs, Hexal, Merck Healthcare, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva. M.P.S. has received consulting fees from Alexion, Biogen, Immunic, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi. T.G. has received travel grants and speakers’ honoraria from Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Pfizer outside the submitted work. A.A. has received research grants from Denali Therapeutics and Roche, outside the submitted work. A.G. has received research grants from Denali Therapeutics and F. Hoffmann-La Roche. A.G. has received personal fees from <i>JAMA Neurology</i>, Neurona and Pipeline Pharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. A.G. also has a patent pending for a small-molecule drug for remyelination. The institutes of L.K. (University Hospital Basel and the Research Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel) have received the following exclusively for research support: steering committee, advisory board and consultancy fees from Bayer, Biogen, BMS, Janssen (J&J), Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Santhera and TG Therapeutics; speaker fees from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; support of educational activities from Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; license fees for Neurostatus products; and grants from Bayer, Biogen, the European Union, Innosuisse, Merck, Novartis, Roche, the Swiss MS Society and the Swiss National Research Foundation. M.C. has received compensation for consulting services and speaking honoraria from Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Merk Serono, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi-Aventis. H.T. has participated in meetings sponsored by or received honoraria for acting as an advisor or speaker for Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Diamed, Fresenius, Fujirebio, GlaxoSmithKline, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Siemens and Teva. M.S.F. has received research or educational grants from Sanofi-Genzyme Canada, has received honoraria or consultation fees from Alexion/Astra Zeneca, BiogenIdec, EMD Inc./EMD Serono/Merck Serono, Find Therapeutics, Hoffman-La Roche, Novartis, Quanterix, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva Canada Innovation, is a member of company advisory boards, boards of directors or similar for Alexion/Astra Zeneca, Atara Biotherapeutics, Bayer Healthcare, Celestra Health, EMD Inc./Merck Serono, Find Therapeutics, Hoffman-La Roche, Actelion/Janssen (J&J), Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Setpoint Medical, and has participated in a company-sponsored speaker’s bureau for EMD Serono and Sanofi-Genzyme. A.P. has received grant support for remyelination trials in multiple sclerosis to the Amsterdam University Medical Centre. K.B. has served as a consultant and on advisory boards for Acumen, ALZPath, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics and Siemens Healthineers; has served on data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programmes for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work in this paper. H.Z. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics and Wave; has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio and Roche; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work in this paper. D.L. is Chief Medical Officer of GeNeuro. J.K. has received speaker fees, research support, travel support, and/or served on advisory boards from Alnylam, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Immunic, Merck, Neurogenesis, Novartis, Octave Bioscience, Quanterix, Roche, Sanofi and Stata DX. S.A.-R., S.T. and P.B. declare no competing interests.