Andrews, Miles C. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-8641
Duong, Connie P. M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9067-8557
Gopalakrishnan, Vancheswaran
Iebba, Valerio http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0716-306X
Chen, Wei-Shen
Derosa, Lisa http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-2964
Khan, Md Abdul Wadud
Cogdill, Alexandria P.
White, Michael G. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-5505
Wong, Matthew C.
Ferrere, Gladys
Fluckiger, Aurélie
Roberti, Maria P. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-6840
Opolon, Paule
Alou, Maryam Tidjani
Yonekura, Satoru http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4047-3016
Roh, Whijae http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-9939
Spencer, Christine N.
Curbelo, Irina Fernandez
Vence, Luis http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3441-4095
Reuben, Alexandre http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4510-0382
Johnson, Sarah
Arora, Reetakshi
Morad, Golnaz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9460-618X
Lastrapes, Matthew
Baruch, Erez N.
Little, Latasha
Gumbs, Curtis
Cooper, Zachary A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-0940
Prieto, Peter A.
Wani, Khalida
Lazar, Alexander J. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6395-4499
Tetzlaff, Michael T.
Hudgens, Courtney W. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-7485
Callahan, Margaret K. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9087-0012
Adamow, Matthew http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-0126
Postow, Michael A.
Ariyan, Charlotte E.
Gaudreau, Pierre-Olivier
Nezi, Luigi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-7656
Raoult, Didier http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0633-5974
Mihalcioiu, Catalin
Elkrief, Arielle
Pezo, Rossanna C.
Haydu, Lauren E.
Simon, Julie M.
Tawbi, Hussein A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1942-851X
McQuade, Jennifer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2393-2172
Hwu, Patrick
Hwu, Wen-Jen
Amaria, Rodabe N. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-278X
Burton, Elizabeth M.
Woodman, Scott E.
Watowich, Stephanie http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-659X
Diab, Adi
Patel, Sapna P.
Glitza, Isabella C.
Wong, Michael K.
Zhao, Li
Zhang, Jianhua http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-9860
Ajami, Nadim J.
Petrosino, Joseph
Jenq, Robert R.
Davies, Michael A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-0912
Gershenwald, Jeffrey E.
Futreal, P. Andrew http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8663-2671
Sharma, Padmanee http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4658-055X
Allison, James P.
Routy, Bertrand
Zitvogel, Laurence http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-0998
Wargo, Jennifer A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3438-7576
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (1R01CA219896-01A1)
American Association for Cancer Research (SU2C-AACR-IRG-19-17)
UT | University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Moonshots Program
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (1148680)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (T32CA163185, 1 P50 CA221703-02, 1U54CA224070-03, T32 CA 009599)
Parcours d’excellence en cancérologie - Fondation Philanthropia
University of Texas MD Anderson Odyssey Fellowship Program - Kimberley Clark Foundation Award for Scientific Achievement
Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé (32667)
American Cancer SocietyMelanoma Research AllianceCancer Fighters of Houston
Ligue Contre le Cancer
Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
Institut National Du Cancer
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (10-IAHU-03)
Association pour la recherche sur le cancerFondation Carrefour
Fulbright France Commission Franco-AmericainéThe John J Kopchick Foundation
UT | University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (P30 CA016672)
Article History
Received: 1 December 2020
Accepted: 25 May 2021
First Online: 8 July 2021
Competing interests
: M.C.A. reports advisory board participation and honoraria from Merck Sharp and Dohme, outside the submitted work. V.G. and Z.A.C. are currently employees of AstraZeneca. R.N.A. reports research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Merck and Genentech, all outside the submitted work. R.C.P. reports honoraria EMD Serono, Merck, Norvartis and Pfizer as well as consulting for Merck, BMS, Novartis, Pfizer and AstraZeneca, and research funding from Merck and Novartis outside the submitted work. H.A.T. reports personal fees from Novartis, grants from Merck and Celgene and grants and personal fees from BMS and Genentech, all outside the submitted work. M.A.D. has been a consultant to Roche/Genentech, Array, Novartis, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Sanofi-Aventis, Vaccinex and Apexigen, and he has been the PI of research grants to UT MD Anderson by Roche/Genentech, GSK, Sanofi-Aventis, Merck, Myriad and Oncothyreon. W.-J.H. reports research grants from Merck, BMS, MedImmune and GSK and has served on an advisory board for Merck, all outside the submitted work. J.E.G. reports advisory board participation with Merck, Regeneron, BMS, Novartis and Syndax. A.J.L. reports personal fees from BMS, Novartis, Genentech/Roche and Merck; personal fees and non-financial support from ArcherDX and Beta-Cat; grants and non-financial support from Medimmune/AstraZeneca and Sanofi; grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Janssen, all outside the submitted work. M.T.T. reports personal fees from Myriad Genetics, Seattle Genetics and Novartis, all outside the submitted work. A.P.C. reports advisory roles and/or stock ownership for Immunai and Vastbiome. M.A.P. reports honoraria from BMS and Merck, consulting fees from BMS, Merck, Array BioPharma, Novartis, Incyte, NewLink Genetics, Aduro, Eisai and Pfizer and institutional support from RGenix, Infinity, BMS, Merck, Array BioPharma, Novartis and AstraZeneca. S.P.P. reports institutional support for a clinical trial from InxMed. J.L.M. reports honoraria from Roche, BMS and Merck. R.R.J. has consulted for Karius, Merck, Microbiome DX and Prolacta, and is on the scientific advisory boards of Kaleido, LISCure, Maat Pharma and Seres, and has received patent royalties licensed to Seres. P.S. reports consulting, advisory roles and/or stocks/ownership for Achelois, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Apricity Health, BioAlta, BioNTech, Codiak Biosciences, Constellation, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Forty-Seven Inc., Hummingbird, ImaginAb, Infinity Pharma, Jounce Therapeutics, Lave Therapeutics, Lytix Biopharma, Marker Therapeutics, Oncolytics, Phenomics and Polaris, and owns a patent licensed to Jounce Therapeutics. J.P.A. reports consulting, advisory roles and/or stocks/ownership for Achelois, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Apricity Health, BioAlta, BioNTech, Codiak Biosciences, Constellation, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Forty-Seven Inc., Hummingbird, ImaginAb, Jounce Therapeutics, Lave Therapeutics, Lytix Biopharma, Marker Therapeutics, Phenomics and Polaris, and owns a patent licensed to Jounce Therapeutics. B.R. reports advisory board membership for Vedanta and research funding from Vedanta, Davoltera and Kaleido. V.G., C.N.S., A.R. and J.A.W. are co-inventors on US patent PCT/US17/53,717, relating to the microbiome. J.A.W., V.G., M.C.A., L. Zitvogel and V.I. are co-inventors on a provisional US patent (WO2020106983A1) relating to the microbiome, relevant to the current work. L. Zitvogel is the main founder of EverImmune, a biotech company devoted to the use of commensal bacteria for the treatment of cancers, is on the board of administrators of Transgene and in the scientific advisory board of EpiVax, Lytix Biopharma, and has received research contracts from Kaleido, BMS, Incyte, Transgene, MERUS and GSK. J.A.W. reports speaker fees from Imedex, Dava Oncology, Omniprex, Illumina, Gilead, MedImmune and BMS; consultant/advisor roles or advisory board membership for Roche-Genentech, Novartis, AstraZeneca, GSK, BMS, Merck/MSD, Biothera Pharma and Microbiome DX; and receives clinical trial support from GSK, Roche-Genentech, BMS and Novartis, all outside the current work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.