Updates are available Correction dated 2022-10-17

Article History

Received: 19 December 2020

Accepted: 28 June 2021

First Online: 12 August 2021

Change Date: 17 October 2022

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02076-8

Competing interests

: A.L.B. reports consultancies for AGTC, Alector, Arkuda, Arvinas, Asceneuron, AZTherapies, Bioage, GSK, Humana, Lundbeck, Ono, Roche, Samumed, Sangamo, Stealth Therapeutics, Third Rock, Transposon, UCB and Wave, and research support from the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Biogen, Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia, Eli Lilly, Eisai, National Institutes of Health (grant nos. U19AG063911, U54NS092089 and R01AG031278) and Tau Research Consortium. L.I.G. reports consultancies for AbbVie, AlzProtect, Asceneuron, Biogen, CurePSP, Martin, Mitochon, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Pinteon, Retrotope, Roche, Stealth BioTherapeutics and UCB, and research support from AbbVie, American Parkinson’s Disease Association and Biogen. G.U.H. reports consultancies for AbbVie, AlzProtect, Asceneuron, Biogen, Biohaven, Lundbeck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and UCB; honoraria for scientific presentations from AbbVie, Bayer Vital, Bial, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Teva, UCB and Zambon; research collaborations with Orion, Prothena and Roche; research support from GE Health, Neuropore, German Research Foundation (DFG; EXC 2145 SyNergy, nos. 390857198, HO2402/6-2 and HO2402/18-1), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, nos. 01KU1403A and 01EK1605A), the NOMIS foundation (FTLD project), the EU/EFPIA/Innovative Medicines Initiative (2) Joint Undertaking (IMPRIND, grant no. 116060) and VolkswagenStiftung/Lower Saxony Ministry for Science/Petermax-Müller Foundation (Niedersächsisches Vorab). H.R.M. reports consultancies for AbbVie, Biogen, Biohaven, Denali and UCB; employment by North Thames National Institute for Health Research and University College London; lecture fees/honoraria from Biogen, C4X Discovery, Movement Disorders Society, UCB and Wellcome Trust; research grants from CBD Solutions, Cure Parkinson’s Trust, Drake Foundation, Medical Research Council, MND Association, Parkinson’s UK and PSP Association; and being a coapplicant on a patent application related to C9ORF72 (method for diagnosing a neurodegenerative disease (no. PCT/GB2012/052140)). I.L. reports scientific advisory board membership for Corticobasal Degeneration Solutions and Lundbeck; research support from AbbVie, Biogen, Biohaven, EIP-Pharma, Roche, Lewy Body Association, Michael J. Fox Foundation, National Institutes of Health (grant nos. 5P50AG005131-33, 2R01AG038791-06A, U01NS090259, U01NS100610, U01NS80818, R25NS098999, P20GM109025, U19AG063911-1 and 1R21NS114764-01A1) and Parkinson Foundation and Parkinson Study Group; and employment at University of California San Diego and Chief Editor of <i>Frontiers in Neurology</i>. A.E.L. reports advisory board membership for AbbVie, AFFiRis, Biogen, Corticobasal Degeneration Solutions, Janssen, Jazz Pharma, Lilly, Lundbeck, Merck, Paladin, PhotoPharmics, Roche, Sunovion, Sun Pharma and Theravance; honoraria from AbbVie, Sunovion and Sun Pharma; grants from Brain Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Corticobasal Degeneration Solutions, Edmond J. Safra Philanthropic Foundation, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Ontario Brain Institute, the Parkinson Foundation and Parkinson Society Canada. J.-C.C. reports advisory board membership for Pfizer; consultancies for Air Liquide, AlzProtect, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Denali and Theranexus; speaker fees from Biogen and Ever Pharma; research grants from Actelion and Michael J. Fox Foundation; and travel grants from MDS. I.A. reports consultancies for AbbVie and Biogen. M.G. reports consultancies for Biogen and Bristol-Myers Squibb. T.D., L.Y., B.T.-M., K.K., M.J.W., D.L.G., L.G., J.O. and S.B.H. are employees of, and hold stock in, Biogen. J.K. is a former employee of, and holds stock in, Biogen. K.H. reports being an independent physician pharmacovigilance professional at Biogen for the PASSPORT study.