Apostolidis, Sokratis A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-0097
Kakara, Mihir
Painter, Mark M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0180-2748
Goel, Rishi R.
Mathew, Divij http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-7358
Lenzi, Kerry
Rezk, Ayman
Patterson, Kristina R.
Espinoza, Diego A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-6508
Kadri, Jessy C.
Markowitz, Daniel M.
E. Markowitz, Clyde
Mexhitaj, Ina
Jacobs, Dina
Babb, Allison
Betts, Michael R. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-1484
Prak, Eline T. Luning http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9478-9211
Weiskopf, Daniela
Grifoni, Alba
Lundgreen, Kendall A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-7152
Gouma, Sigrid
Sette, Alessandro
Bates, Paul
Hensley, Scott E. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-7506
Greenplate, Allison R.
Wherry, E. John http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0477-1956
Li, Rui http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-8358
Bar-Or, Amit http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-0335
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI144288)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (SI-2011-37160)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (T32 AR076951-01)
Penn | Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (T32 CA009140, R01 AI118694, UC4 DK112217, P30-AI0450080, 75N9301900065, 75N9301900065, AI152236, U19AI082630, AI105343, AI082630, AI108545, AI155577, AI149680, U19AI082630)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
Article History
Received: 22 June 2021
Accepted: 16 August 2021
First Online: 14 September 2021
Competing interests
: S.E.H. has received consultancy fees from Sanofi-Pasteur, Lumen, Novavax and Merk for work unrelated to this article. E.J.W. is consulting or is an advisor for Merck, Marengo, Janssen, Related Sciences, Synthekine and Surface Oncology; is a founder of Danger Bio, Surface Oncology and Arsenal Biosciences; and is an inventor on a patent (US patent no. US10370446B2) submitted by Emory University that covers the use of PD-1 blockade to treat infections and cancer. A.S. is a consultant for Gritstone, Flow Pharma, CellCarta, Arcturus Therapeutics, Oxford Immunotec and Avalia Immunotherapies. La Jolla Institute for Immunology has filed for patent protection for various aspects of T cell epitope and vaccine design work. E.T.L.P. is consulting or is an advisor for Roche Diagnostics, ENPICOM, The Antibody Society, Immune Epitope Database and the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. D.J. is on the Biogen, Genentech, Novartis, EMD Serono, Banner Life Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Genzyme advisory boards and has received research support (clinical trial site principal investigator) from Biogen, Genentech and University of California, Los Angeles. A.B.O. has participated as a speaker in meetings sponsored by and received consulting fees and/or grant support from Accure Therapeutics, Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene/Receptos, GlaxoSmithKline, Gossamer Bio, Janssen/Actelion, MedImmune, Merck/EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche/Genentech and Sanofi-Genzyme. All other authors declare no competing interests.