Sanyal, Arun J. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-5748
Shankar, Sudha S.
Calle, Roberto A. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-5657
Samir, Anthony E.
Sirlin, Claude B.
Sherlock, Sarah P.
Loomba, Rohit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4845-9991
Fowler, Kathryn J.
Dehn, Clayton A.
Heymann, Helen
Kamphaus, Tania N.
Article History
First Online: 10 February 2022
Competing interests
: A.J.S. is President of Sanyal Biotechnology, has stock options in Genfit, Akarna, Tiziana, Indalo, Exhalenz and Durect; receives royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate; and has served as a consultant to Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Gilead, Terns, Histoindex, Path-AI, Inventiva, Amgen, Regeneron, Genentech, Merck, Valeant, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Fractyl, Lilly, Hemoshear, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Intercept and Genfit. Virginia Commonwealth University has received grant support from Gilead, Salix, Tobira, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Celgene, Viking, Madrigal, Galmed, Pfizer, Bristol Myers, Intercept, Merck, Astra Zeneca, Mallinckrodt and Novartis. S.S.S. is an employee of Astra Zeneca. R.A.C. is employed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and is owner of restricted stock units from Regeneron and Pfizer. A.E.S. has served as a compensated consultant for Astra Zeneca, Bracco Diagnostics, Bristol Myers Squibb, General Electric, Gerson Lehman Group, Guidepoint Global Advisors, Supersonic Imagine, Novartis, Pfizer, Philips, Parexel Informatics and WorldCare Clinical; holds stock options in Remedy Medical, Rhino Healthtech and Ochre Bio; is a co-founder of, and holds equity in, Avira, Autonomus, Evidence Based Psychology, Klea, Katharos Laboratories, Quantix Bio and Sonoluminous; receives royalties from Elsevier and Katharos Laboratories; holds advisory board or committee memberships for General Electric, the FNIH and the Sano Center for Computational Personalized Medicine; and is a member of the Board of Governors of the American Institute for Ultrasound in Medicine. Massachusetts General Hospital has received research grant support and/or equipment for projects that A.E.S. has led from the Analogic Corporation, Canon, Echosens, General Electric, Hitachi, Philips, Siemens, Supersonic Imagine/Hologic, Toshiba Medical Systems, the US Department of Defense, Fujifilm Healthcare, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Partners Healthcare, Toshiba Medical Systems and Siemens Medical Systems. C.B.S. reports grants from General Electric, Siemens, Philips, Bayer, the FNIH, Gilead and Pfizer (grant is to University of Wisconsin–Madison (UW-Madison); the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), is a subcontract to UW-Madison); personal consultation fees from Blade, Boehringer and Epigenomics; consultation under the auspices of the University to AMRA, BMS, Exact Sciences, GE Digital, IBM-Watson, and Pfizer; lab service agreements from Enanta, Gilead, ICON, Intercept, Nusirt, Shire, Synageva and Takeda; royalties from Wolters Kluwer for educational material outside the submitted work; honoraria to his institution, UCSD, from Medscape for educational material outside the submitted work; ownership of stock options in Livivos; and an unpaid position on an advisory board to Quantix Bio. S.P.S. is employed by Pfizer and is owner of restricted stock units from Pfizer. R.L. is co-founder of Liponexus, and serves as a consultant for Alnylam/Regeneron, Amgen, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myer Squibb, CohBar, Eli Lilly, Galmed, Gilead, Glympse bio, Inipharm, Intercept, Ionis, Janssen, Madrigal, Metacrine, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sagimet, 89 bio and Viking Therapeutics. UCSD has received grant support from Allergan, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galectin Therapeutics, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Genfit, Gilead, Intercept, Inventiva, Janssen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Pfizer and Siemens. K.J.F. reports grant support from General Electric, Bayer, Pfizer and Median; institutional consulting with General Electric; personal consulting with Bayer; an unpaid position on the advisory board of Quantix Bio; and lab service agreements from Enanta, Gilead, ICON, Intercept, Nusirt, Shire, Synageva and Takeda.