St. Hilaire, Melissa A.
Kristal, Bruce S.
Rahman, Shadab A.
Sullivan, Jason P.
Quackenbush, John http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-5879
Duffy, Jeanne F.
Barger, Laura K.
Gooley, Joshua J.
Czeisler, Charles A.
Lockley, Steven W.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX14AK53G, NCC9-119)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5R01HL111759)
National Space Biomedical Research Institute (HPF01301)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH45130)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS36590)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Research Resources (M01RR02635, UL1RR025758)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Research Resources
Article History
Received: 3 May 2018
Accepted: 25 October 2019
First Online: 13 November 2019
Competing interests
: All authors report that they have no direct conflicts of interest with this study. The following list of financial interests in the past two years has been included in the interest of full disclosure. MSH has provided paid limited consulting for The MathWorks, Inc. and serves as an adjunct statistics instructor at Merrimack College. BSK is the inventor on general metabolomics-related IP that has been licensed to Metabolon via Weill Medical College of Cornell University and for which he receives royalty payments via Weill Medical College of Cornell University. He also consults for and has a small equity interest in the company. Metabolon offers biochemical profiling services and is developing molecular diagnostic assays detecting and monitoring disease. Metabolon has no rights or proprietary access to the research results presented and/or new IP generated under this study. BSK’s interests were reviewed by the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners Healthcare in accordance with their institutional policy. Accordingly, upon review, the institution determined that BSK’s financial interest in Metabolon does not create a significant financial conflict of interest (FCOI) with this research. The addition of this statement where appropriate was explicitly requested and approved by BWH. BSK has also previously consulted for Thermo, Kelloggs, MARS Petcare UK, Mead Johnson, and SynapDx. SAR holds a patent for prevention of circadian rhythm disruption by using optical filters and improving sleep performance in subject exposed to light at night; owns equity in Melcort Inc.; is a co-investigator on studies sponsored by Biological Illuminations, LLC and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc; and has provided paid consulting services to Sultan & Knight Limited t/a Circadia. JPS reports no financial interests. JQ reports no financial interests. JFD reports no financial interests. LKB currently serves on the scientific advisory board and consults for CurAegis Technologies. JJG reports no financial interests. CAC reports grants from Cephalon Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals Plc. Inc., National Football League Charities, Optum, Philips Respironics Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, ResMed Foundation, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Sanofi S.A., Sanofi-Aventis Inc., Schneider Inc., Sepracor Inc., Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, Sysco Corp., Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd., and Wake Up Narcolepsy; and consulting fees from Bose Corporation, Boston Red Sox, Columbia River Bar Pilots, Samsung Electronics, Quest Diagnostics Inc., Teva Pharma Australia, Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington State Board of Pilotage Commissioners; lecture fees from Ganésco Inc. and Zurich Insurance Company Ltd.; and fees for serving as a member of an advisory board for Institute of Digital Media and Child Development and the Klarman Family Foundation. In addition, Dr. Czeisler holds a number of process patents in the field of sleep/circadian rhythms (e.g., photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker), and holds an equity interest in Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr. Czeisler is the incumbent of an endowed professorship provided to Harvard University by Cephalon Inc. Since 1985, Dr. Czeisler has also served as an expert on various legal and technical cases related to sleep and/or circadian rhythms including those involving the following commercial entities: Casper Sleep Inc., Comair/Delta Airlines, Complete General Construction Company, FedEx, Greyhound, HG Energy LLC, Purdue Pharma, LP, South Carolina Central Railroad Co., Steel Warehouse Inc., Stric-Lan Companies LLC, Texas Premier Resource LLC and United Parcel Service (UPS). Dr. Czeisler received royalties from the New England Journal of Medicine; McGraw Hill; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt/Penguin; and Philips Respironics Inc. for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch-Spectrum devices. Dr. Czeisler’s interests were reviewed and managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. SWL has received consulting fees from the Atlanta Falcons, Atlanta Hawks, Pegasus Capital Advisors LP, Slingshot Insights; and has current consulting contracts with Akili Interactive, Consumer Sleep Solutions, Delos Living LLC, Headwaters Inc., Hintsa Performance AG, Light Cognitive, Lighting Science Group Corporation, Mental Workout, OpTerra Energy Services Inc., PlanLED, Six Senses, Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering. SWL has received unrestricted equipment gifts from Bionetics Corporation and F.Lux Software LLC; has equity in iSLEEP, Pty; advance author payment and/or royalties from Oxford University Press; support for travel, accommodation and/or meals for invited seminars, conference presentations or teaching with honoraria from BHP Billiton, Teague and without honoraria from DIN and SLTBR. SWL has an ongoing investigator initiated grant from F. Lux Software LLC. SWL holds a process patent for ‘Systems and methods for determining and/or controlling sleep quality’, which is assigned to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital per Hospital policy. SWL has also served as a paid expert for legal proceedings related to light, sleep and health. SWL is also a Program Leader for the CRC for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Australia.