Liu, Ran http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-9281
GutiƩrrez, Rodrigo
Mather, Rory V.
Stone, Tom A. D. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0046-6092
Santa Cruz Mercado, Laura A. http://orcid.org/0009-0004-7886-480X
Bharadwaj, Kishore http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-8596
Johnson, Jasmine
Das, Proloy
Balanza, Gustavo http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-3607
Uwanaka, Ekenedilichukwu http://orcid.org/0009-0009-8490-6750
Sydloski, Justin http://orcid.org/0009-0009-8162-5988
Chen, Andrew
Hagood, Mackenzie
Bittner, Edward A.
Purdon, Patrick L. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-3340
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21DA048323, R01DA056593, F32GM148114, T32GM144273, T32GM007753)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health
Article History
Received: 12 June 2023
Accepted: 13 October 2023
First Online: 16 November 2023
Competing interests
: P.L.P is a co-founder of PASCALL Systems, Inc., a start-up company developing closed-loop physiological control systems for anesthesiology; all other authors declare no competing interests.