Mehandru, Nikita http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-7127
Miao, Brenda Y.
Almaraz, Eduardo Rodriguez http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-1117
Sushil, Madhumita http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-0526
Butte, Atul J. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-2740
Alaa, Ahmed http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-7141
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI150741)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (OT2OD024611)
Article History
Received: 25 August 2023
Accepted: 22 March 2024
First Online: 3 April 2024
Competing interests
: A.J.B. is a co-founder and consultant to Personalis and NuMedii; consultant to Mango Tree Corporation, and in the recent past, Samsung, 10x Genomics, Helix, Pathway Genomics, and Verinata (Illumina); has served on paid advisory panels or boards for Geisinger Health, Regenstrief Institute, Gerson Lehman Group, AlphaSights, Covance, Novartis, Genentech, and Merck, and Roche; is a shareholder in Personalis and NuMedii; is a minor shareholder in Apple, Meta (Facebook), Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Amazon, Snap, 10x Genomics, Illumina, Regeneron, Sanofi, Pfizer, Royalty Pharma, Moderna, Sutro, Doximity, BioNtech, Invitae, Pacific Biosciences, Editas Medicine, Nuna Health, Assay Depot, and Vet24seven, and several other non-health related companies and mutual funds; and has received honoraria and travel reimbursement for invited talks from Johnson and Johnson, Roche, Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Lilly, Takeda, Varian, Mars, Siemens, Optum, Abbott, Celgene, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Westat, and many academic institutions, medical or disease specific foundations and associations, and health systems. A.J.B. receives royalty payments through Stanford University, for several patents and other disclosures licensed to NuMedii and Personalis. A.J.B.’s research has been funded by NIH, Peraton (as the prime on an NIH contract), Genentech, Johnson and Johnson, FDA, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Intervalien Foundation, Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg, the Barbara and Gerson Bakar Foundation, and in the recent past, the March of Dimes, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, L’Oreal, and Progenity. None of these entities had any bearing on the design of this study or the writing of the manuscript. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.