Rahman, Shadab A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-0500
Gathungu, Rose M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5552-2565
Marur, Vasant R. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5341-7983
St. Hilaire, Melissa A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5700-8391
Scheuermaier, Karine http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-543X
Belenky, Marina http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7763-2378
Struble, Jackson S.
Czeisler, Charles A.
Lockley, Steven W. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-2881
Klerman, Elizabeth B. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-3171
Duffy, Jeanne F. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4177-4179
Kristal, Bruce S. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-7745
Article History
Received: 29 August 2022
Accepted: 6 July 2023
First Online: 20 July 2023
Competing interests
: R.M.G., V.R.M., M.B.B., J.S.S., J.F.D., and K.S. declare no competing interests. SAR holds patents for (1) Prevention of circadian rhythm disruption by using optical filters and (2) Improving sleep performance in subject exposed to light at night; SAR owns equity in Melcort Inc.; has provided paid consulting services to Sultan & Knight Limited, Bambu Vault LLC, Lucidity Lighting Inc.; and has received honoraria as an invited speaker and travel funds from Starry Skies Lake Superior, University of Minnesota Medical School, PennWell Corp., and Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. These interests were reviewed and managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. MSH has provided limited consulting to The MathWorks, Inc. CAC reports grants and contracts to BWH from Dayzz Live Well, Delta Airlines, Jazz Pharma, Puget Sound Pilots, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi; is/was paid consultant/speaker for Inselspital Bern, Institute of Digital Media and Child Development, Klarman Family Foundation, M. Davis and Co, National Council for Mental Wellbeing, National Sleep Foundation, Physician’s Seal, SRS Foundation, State of Washington Board of Pilotage Commissioners, Tencent, Teva Pharma Australia, With Deep, and Vanda Pharmaceuticals, in which CAC holds an equity interest; received travel support from Aspen Brain Institute, Bloomage International Investment Group, Inc., Dr. Stanley Ho Medical Development Foundation, German National Academy of Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, National Safety Council, National Sleep Foundation, Salk Institute for Biological Studies/Fondation Ipsen, Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, Stanford Medical School Alumni Association, Tencent Holdings, Ltd, and Vanda Pharmaceuticals; receives research/education gifts through BWH from Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Bryte, Alexandra Drane, Cephalon, DR Capital Ltd, Eisai, Harmony Biosciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, NeuroCare, Inc., Optum, Philips Respironics, Regeneron, Regional Home Care, ResMed, Resnick Foundation (The Wonderful Company), San Francisco Bar Pilots, Sanofi SA, Schneider, Simmons, Sleep Cycle AB. Sleep Number, Sysco, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Vanda Pharmaceuticals; is/was an expert witness in legal cases, including those involving Advanced Power Technologies, Aegis Chemical Solutions, Amtrak; Casper Sleep Inc, C&J Energy Services, Catapult Energy Services Group, Covenant Testing Technologies, Dallas Police Association, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Espinal Trucking/Eagle Transport Group/Steel Warehouse Inc, FedEx, Greyhound, Pomerado Hospital/Palomar Health District, PAR Electrical Contractors, Product & Logistics Services LLC/Schlumberger Technology, Puckett EMS, Puget Sound Pilots, Union Pacific Railroad, UPS, and Vanda Pharmaceuticals; serves as the incumbent of an endowed professorship given to Harvard by Cephalon; and receives royalties from McGraw Hill and Philips Respironics for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch Spectrum devices. CAC’s interests were reviewed and are managed by the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. SWL has had a number of commercial interests in the last 2 years (2019–21). His interests were reviewed and managed by Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. No interests are directly related to the research or topic reported in this paper but, in the interests of full disclosure, are outlined below. SWL has received consulting fees from the EyeJust Inc., Rec Room, Six Senses, and Stantec; and has current consulting contracts with Akili Interactive; Apex 2100 Ltd.; Consumer Sleep Solutions; Hintsa Performance AG; KBR Wyle Services, Light Cognitive; Lighting Science Group Corporation/HealthE; Mental Workout/Timeshifter, Sleep Standards and View Inc. He has received honoraria from Bloxhub/Lys, Danish Centre for Lighting, MIT, Roxbury Latin School, University of Toronto and Wiley; and royalties from Oxford University Press. He holds equity in iSleep Pty. He has received an unrestricted equipment gift from F. Lux Software LLC, and holds an investigator-initiated grant from F. Lux Software LLC. He has a Clinical Research Support Agreement and a Clinical Trials Agreement with Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. He is an unpaid Board Member of the Midwest Lighting Institute (non-profit). He was a Program Leader for the CRC for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Australia, through an adjunct professor position at Monash University (2015–2019). He is currently a part-time adjunct faculty member at the University of Surrey. He has served as a paid expert in legal proceedings related to light, sleep and health. EBK reports consulting income from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, Circadian Therapeutics, National Sleep Foundation, Sleep Research Society Foundation, and Yale University Press; has received travel support from the European Biological Rhythms Society and EPFL Pavilion; and is an unpaid member of the scientific advisory board of Chronsulting. Klerman’s partner is founder, chief scientific officer of Chronsulting. BSK is the inventor on general metabolomics-related IP that has been licensed to Metabolon via Weill Medical College of Cornell University and for which he received royalty payments via Weill Medical College of Cornell University. He also consulted for and has an equity interest in the company. Metabolon offers biochemical profiling services and is developing molecular diagnostic assays detecting and monitoring disease. Metabolon has no rights or proprietary access to the research results presented and/or new IP generated under these grants/studies. BSK’s interests were reviewed by the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham (as Partners Healthcare) in accordance with their institutional policy. Accordingly, upon review, the institution determined that BSK’s financial interest in Metabolon does not create a significant financial conflict of interest (FCOI) with this research. The addition of this statement where appropriate was explicitly requested and approved by BWH.