Penney, Nicholas C. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0896-6590
Yeung, Derek K. T. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-9435
Garcia-Perez, Isabel http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-0603
Posma, Joram M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-9003
Kopytek, Aleksandra
Garratt, Bethany
Ashrafian, Hutan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1668-0672
Frost, Gary http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-6325
Marchesi, Julian R.
Purkayastha, Sanjay
Hoyles, Lesley
Darzi, Ara http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-7989
Holmes, Elaine
Funding for this research was provided by:
Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation (Sutherland-Earl Clinical Research Fellowship)
National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
Article History
Received: 14 December 2021
Accepted: 12 September 2022
First Online: 7 October 2022
Competing interests
: H.A. is Chief Scientific Officer at Preemptive Health and Medicine, Flagship Pioneering. A.D. is Executive Chair at Preemptive Health and Medicine, Flagship Pioneering. J.R.M. has received consultancy from EnteroBiotix Limited, Cultech Limited and Kineticos. I.G.P., E.H., G.F. are shareholders and directors of Melico Sciences Limited, J.M.P. is a shareholder in Melico Sciences Limited. All other authors have no competing interests to declare.