Fu, Cynthia H. Y. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-3500
Antoniades, Mathilde http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8241-835X
Erus, Guray
Garcia, Jose A.
Fan, Yong
Arnone, Danilo
Arnott, Stephen R. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-7771
Chen, Taolin
Choi, Ki Sueng http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-0677
Fatt, Cherise Chin
Frey, Benicio N. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8267-943X
Frokjaer, Vibe G.
Ganz, Melanie http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9120-8098
Godlewska, Beata R. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-3765
Hassel, Stefanie http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7240-1581
Ho, Keith
McIntosh, Andrew M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-4588
Qin, Kun
Rotzinger, Susan
Sacchet, Matthew D.
Savitz, Jonathan http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8143-182X
Shou, Haochang
Singh, Ashish http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4486-3636
Stolicyn, Aleks http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1147-7539
Strigo, Irina
Strother, Stephen C.
Tosun, Duygu http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-7724
Victor, Teresa A.
Wei, Dongtao
Wise, Toby
Zahn, Roland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8447-1453
Anderson, Ian M.
Craighead, W. Edward http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-0027
Deakin, J. F. William
Dunlop, Boadie W. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-0483
Elliott, Rebecca
Gong, Qiyong http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-4871
Gotlib, Ian H.
Harmer, Catherine J. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8335
Kennedy, Sidney H. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5339-7185
Knudsen, Gitte M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-6866
Mayberg, Helen S. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1672-2716
Paulus, Martin P. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-3606
Qiu, Jiang
Trivedi, Madhukar H. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2983-1110
Whalley, Heather C.
Yan, Chao-Gan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-5977
Young, Allan H.
Davatzikos, Christos http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-8561
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (G0701421, MR/T017538/1, G0601526, G0701421)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH134236, R01MH125850, K01MH096077, R01MH098099, 5R01MH101472, P50MH077083, 1RO1MH080880, R37MH101495, U01MH092221)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG066650)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB022573)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Ontario Brain Institute
Lundbeckfonden (R279-2018-1145, R279-2018-1145, R279-2018-1145)
Wellcome Trust (220857/Z/20/Z, 216767/Z/19/Z)
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine (173096)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81820108018, 81621003, 82122035)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01 DA041089)
Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (151023)
DH | National Institute for Health Research
Article History
Received: 18 November 2022
Accepted: 17 November 2023
First Online: 12 January 2024
Competing interests
: S.R.A. has consulted for Indoc Research Canada. B.W.D. has received research support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Compass, Pathways, NIMH, Otsuka, and Uson and honoraria for consulting from Aya Biosciences, Myriad Neuroscience, Otsuka, Sophren Therapeutics, Cerebral Therapeutics, Sage. C.H.Y.F. has received grant funding from Brain and Behavior (NARSAD), Eli Lilly and Co. Milken Institute, Flow Neuroscience, MRC, NIMH, Rosetrees Trust, and Wellcome Trust and is Section Editor of Brain Research Bulletin. C.J.H. serves as a consultant for P1vital, Lundbeck, Servier, and Compass Pathways. She holds grant income from Zogenix and J&J. S.H.K. has received funding for consulting or speaking engagements from Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, Lundbeck, Lundbeck Institute, Merck, Otsuka Pfizer, Sunovion, and Servier. He has received research support from Abbott, Brain Canada, CIHR (Canadian Institutes of Health Research), Janssen, Lundbeck, Ontario Brain Institute, Otsuka, Pfizer, and SPOR (Canada’s Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research). He has stock/stock options in Field Trip Health. G.M.K. has received honoraria as a speaker for Sage Biogen and as a consultant for Sanos. H.S.M. has received grant funding from NIH and consulting and IP licenses fees from Abbott Labs. A.M.M. has received research support from Eli Lilly, Janssen, and The Sackler Trust. A.M.M. has also received speaker fees from Illumina and Janssen. W.E.C. serves on the National Advisory Board of the George West Mental health Foundation, as a board member of Hugarheill ehf (an Icelandic company dedicated to the prevention of depression), and on the scientific advisory boards of AIM for Mental Health and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America; he is supported by the Mary and John Brock Foundation, the Pitts Foundation, and the Fuqua family foundations, and he receives book royalties from John Wiley. H.S. has received grant funding from NIH. S.C.S. received research support from Brain Canada, CIHR (Canadian Institutes of Health Research), Ontario Brain Institute, and CFI (Canadian Foundation for Innovation). S.C.S. is a founder and shareholder of ADMdx, Inc. D.T. has received grant funding from NIH. M.H.T. received research support from NIH, PCORI, and AFSP, is a consultant for Alkermes Inc., Alto Neuroscience Inc, Axsome Therapeutics, Boegringer Ingelheim, GH Research, GreenLight VitalSign6 Inc, Heading Health, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical, Legion Health, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mind Medicine Inc., Navitor, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., Noema Pharma AG, Orexo US Inc., Otsuka Canada Pharmaceutical Inc, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. (MDD section adviser), SAGE Therapeutics, Signant Health, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Inc and receives editorial compensation from Oxford University Press. A.H.Y. reports the following conflicts of interest: paid lectures and advisory boards for the following companies: Astrazenaca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Servier, Livanova, Janssen, Allegan, Bionomics, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, COMPASS, Sage, Novartis; consultant to Johnson & Johnson and to Livanova; received honoraria for attending advisory boards and presenting talks at meetings organized by LivaNova; principal investigator in the Restore-Life VNS registry study funded by LivaNova; UK chief investigator for Novartis MDD study MIJ821A12201; principal investigator on ESKETINTRD3004: ‘An Open-label, Long-term, Safety and Efficacy Study of Intranasal Esketamine in Treatment-resistant Depression’; principal investigator on ‘The Effects of Psilocybin on Cognitive Function in Healthy Participants’; principal investigator on ‘The Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Participants with Treatment-Resistant Depression (P-TRD)’; no shareholdings in pharmaceutical companies; deputy editor of BJPsych Open. Grant funding (past and present): NIMH (USA); CIHR (Canada); NARSAD (USA); Stanley Medical Research Institute (USA); MRC (UK); Wellcome Trust (UK); Royal College of Physicians (Edin); BMA (UK); UBC-VGH Foundation (Canada); WEDC (Canada); CCS Depression Research Fund (Canada); MSFHR (Canada); NIHR (UK); Janssen (UK). R.Z. is a private psychiatrist service provider at The London Depression Institute and co-investigator on a Livanova-funded observational study of vagus nerve stimulation for depression. R.Z. has received honoraria for talks at medical symposia sponsored by Lundbeck as well as Janssen. He has collaborated with EMIS PLC and advises Depsee Ltd. He is affiliated with the D’Or Institute of Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, and advises the Scients Institute, USA. Authors A. Singh, A. Stolicyn, B.R.G., B.N.F., C.C.F., C.-G.Y., C.D., D.A., D.W., G.E., H.C.W., I.H.G., I.M.A., I.S., J.F.W.D., J.Q., J.S., J.A.G., K.H., K.S.C., K.Q., M.P.P., M.A., M.D.S., M.G., Q.G., R.E., S.H., S.R., T.A.V., T.C., T.W., V.G.F., and Y.F. declare that they have no competing interests.