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Authors
Pervez, Amjad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-2871
Lee, Jaeyoung Jay https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1211-688X
Mao, Ruizhi
Chang, Fangrong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB2504704)
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 72471249)
Natural Science Foundation of Changsha (kq2402221)
Changsha Major Science and Technology Project (kh2401002)
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Article History
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 26 July 2025
Declarations
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: Authors confirm that, following a thorough investigation, there are no conflicts of interest related to this study.
: The study received ethical clearance from the Safety & Planning Innovative Research in Transportation (SPIRIT Group) at Central South University, before data collection commenced. The research team implemented several ethical measures, including the use of committee approved protocols that prioritized participants’ privacy and security concerns. The data were securely stored throughout the study to maintain confidentiality and ensure reliability. All interviews and survey responses adhered to ethical standards, with informed consent obtained from each participant and anonymity preserved during analysis and reporting.
: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used ChatGPT 3.5 in order to improve the language of the paper. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
