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Article History

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 15 November 2025

Declarations

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: Miron Lakomy maintains no formal or informal link to Google, which this paper mentions. However, he discloses that he accepted the invitation to participate in the scientific roundtable on generative AI & violent extremism, organised and logistically supported by the Google Trust & Safety division, which took place after the submission date of this paper. The invitation to participate in the event was received at the final stages of the manuscript’s development, i.e., in December 2024, and had no impact on its content. It must be stressed that the authors developed the idea behind this research at the beginning of 2024, and all scientific activities were carried out before December 2024. Additionally, the topic of generative AI is not covered by this paper. Ali Fisher, in addition to his position at Universita Cattolica, is also Director of Human Cognition Ltd. Over the last decade Human Cognition has provided data feeds, consulting services and briefings to Social Media Platforms and Governmental Agencies in Europe and North America. However, Human Cognition was not working under contract with any social media company mentioned in this paper during the period of its preparation.