Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea (NRF-2018S1A3A2075117)
National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea (NRF-2016S1A3A2924956)
Article History
Received: 28 December 2024
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 20 January 2026
Change Date: 9 March 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In the initial online version of the article, Booyuel Kim was not indicated as co-corresponding author where this should have been the case.|
Change Date: 24 March 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-026-00750-y
Declarations
:
: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
: The study was conducted following ethical approval for the research project “International Development Cooperation Study 2018-07” by the Korea Development Institute (KDI).
: All participants of surveys and interviews were informed in advance about the objectives and details of the research and provided written consent.