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Article History

Received: 9 November 2021

Accepted: 14 March 2022

First Online: 7 April 2022

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was an unplanned research project and therefore could not have fit into the ethical approval framework provided by the home institution(s) of the authors, all of which are created for planned research proposals. In addition, the format by which information was collected from research participants did not fit into the categories provided by the home institution(s) (e.g. in the form of an online journal, rather than survey (online), smartphone-based data collection, interviews/group discussions, physical exercises, or clinical trial abroad). Additionally, the usual ethical approval procedure could not be applied because no participants were recruited, but rather a part of a pre-existing educational group. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were therefore not set up for research purposes, but rather for learning purposes. However, we followed the principles embodied by the Declaration of Helsinki in protecting the individual and his or her right to self-determination and the right to make informed decisions, taking the subject’s welfare over the interests of science and society. All personal data was anonymized and the data secured in a local institutional server. Only authors have access to this data. The data will be archived up until 2 years after the article is published.

: As all participants of the research were a part of a pre-existing educational group, and not recruited for the purpose of research, we discussed the possibility of the unplanned research together to arrive at a consensus of allowing the use of anonymized online journal entries, when it became evident that this was a possibility. Informed consent was then received from all individuals involved and quoted in the article. The goal of the work was explained to all participants and they were supportive in the concept of the research article.