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Article History

Received: 30 April 2022

Accepted: 30 September 2022

First Online: 18 October 2022

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was conducted entirely in China and received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Police Equipment Technology, People’s Police University of China. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians. This research was conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines. Participants were informed of the academic purpose of this research, and they willingly and voluntarily provided the information required for this study. All participants (including relevant public security personnel) provided the necessary information without being coerced or compelled. All participants acted as independent individuals.