Inagawa, Michiyo
Nakao, Tatsuma http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-5943
Article History
Received: 9 November 2022
Accepted: 12 April 2023
First Online: 22 April 2023
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments, as well as the ethical guidelines of the Japanese Psychological Association. According to those rules, ethical committee approval was not required in the 2014 and 2016 questionnaires of our present study, because this study did not involve experimental manipulation, there were no foreseeable risks involved, the questionnaire used for this research was anonymous, and no personal or health data were collected.
: Questionnaire surveys are essentially a non-invasive, non-interventional research method, so consent forms are not required in Japan (Open University of Japan, CitationRef removed). We did, however, prepare an explanatory document disclosing the research plan, in which participants could refuse to participate if they wished to do so. To this end, the study was explained to parents in writing or on the first web page, and parents provided informed consent on behalf of their children. Participants could stop responding to questions at any time if they did not want to answer. They responded only if they were able to consent to the survey.