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Article History

Received: 12 December 2022

Accepted: 12 June 2023

First Online: 23 June 2023

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the legislation of the Governance Framework for Human Research Ethics. According to these rules, approval from the ethics committee was not required because this study did not involve experimental manipulation and was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of public policies. This study was commissioned by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, to evaluate the effectiveness of international education policies. Therefore, permission was sought and granted from the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, and the principles of the sampled elementary and secondary schools.

: The participants in focus group interviews were notified and agreed that the interview would be recorded. The formal survey was collected via an online questionnaire. The first window of the e-survey consists of an information statement, “By entering the survey, I indicate that I have read the information provided and agree to participate.”